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Most studies conducted have exonerated SBR infill but often they raised new points or red flags that should be investigated. SBR is produced from a recycled material, it will always be difficult to be 100% clean. It are exactly those two points that those against the use of SBR are continuously using to make a point. By opening up our archives and library, Sportsturf.eu aims to empower those in need for additional information to make a well-informed decision or be able to adequately respond to points raised or allegations made by drawing knowledge from the available information. Our library is not conclusive nor will it ever be complete. Should you have information or studies you feel should be added to our dossier, please feel free to e-mail them to: go@nwst.nl. Disclaimer While every attempt has been made to collect and validate as many relevant studies as possible, neither the file manager nor the publisher can be held responsible for the content of the documentation.
Title: Toxicological Evaluation for the Hazard Assessment of Tire Crumb for Use in Public PlaygroundsAuthors: Detlef A. Birkholz (Enviro-Test laboratories, Edmonton, Canada), Kathy L. Belton (Alberta Centre for Injury Control and Research, Edmonton, Canada) & Tee L. Guldottl (Dept. of Public Health Science, University of Alberta, Canada) Released: 2003 Aim: A comprehensive risk analysis to determine the possible health and environmental problems caused by the use of crushed car tires in playing fields. Conclusion: • Limited possible danger for children and the environment. Remarkable information and observations: • Toxicity to all aquatic organisms (bacteria, invertebrates, fish, and green algae) was observed; however, this activity disappeared with aging of the tire crumb for three months in place in the playground. File: 0002-Toxicological Evaluation for the Hazard Assesment of Tire Crumb
Title: Development of leaching procedures for synthetic turf systems containing scrap tire granulesAuthors: Ute Kalbe, Oliver Krüger, Wolfgang Berger, Volker Wachtendorf, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany together with Stefan Hally imat-uve GmbH, Mönchengladbach, Germany Year: 2012 Aim: To set up a system with which the possible release of substances by SBR granules can be assessed. Conclusions: Factors controlling the leaching behavior: - pH - characteristics of mineral aggregates for sub-base layers (retardation of contaminants by interaction with leachate) - service life of synthetic turf systems - degradation by weathering and abrasion File: 0115-Uitloogprocedures_voor_kunstgrassystemen_met_SBR_granulaat
Title: The Health Implications of Synthetic Turf Fields with Crumb Rubber Infill A Human Health Risk Assessment for the Municipality of North CowichanAuthor(s): Geoff McKee, MD Resident Physician Public Health and Preventive Medicine University of British Columbia Year: 2015 Aim: A literature study to answer questions posted by local politician who was considering issuing a tender for the construction of artificial grass sports fields. Conclusions: Given the current available evidence it is concluded that the existing information does not suggest that synthetic turf fields have a substantive independent effect on human health. Remarkable information and observations: • Despite exposure to possible harmful substances contained in SBR during the use of the fields, the total dose is probably too small to lead to any significant health effect when ingested. • Researchers in California consider the risk of cancer from the intake of SBR to be 2.9 in 1,000,000. • A study into the risk of cancer for children and adolescents who play at least 5 times a week on artificial grass with SBR granules for 3 to 7 years, and which come into contact with SBR granules either orally or through the skin, concluded that the chance of getting cancer is under 1 in 1,000,000. This is lower than the requirements set by the American environmental authorities (EPA). File: 0114-De_gezondheidsgevolgen_van_kunstgrasvelden_met_SBR_granulaat.pdf
Title: Mutagenic Potential of Artificial Athletic Field Crumb Rubber at Increased TemperaturesAuthors: Science Department, Wyoming High School, 106 Pendery Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Year: 4 August 2015 Aim: To determine whether temperature increases affect the release of mutagenic substances. Conclusions: SBR granules release substances at a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius. File: 0011-Mutagene_effecten_van_SBR_bij_een_verhoging_van_de_temperatuur.pdf
Title: Leaching of DOC, DN, and inorganic constituents from scrap tiresAuthors: Meric Selbes, Tanju Karanfil &, Ozge Yilmaz, Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Anderson, SC 29625, USA Abdul A. Khan, Department of Civil Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA Year: 2015 Aim: To investigate the possible leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved nitrogen (DN), and certain inorganic components from waste tires. Conclusion: • The leaching of organic substances increases with the decrease in grain size. • Minimum leaching of organic and inorganic substances were observed at neutral pH conditions. • Iron and zinc were the highest inorganic substances in the percolate. • Leaching of the components associated with the rubbery part decreased over time. File: 0010-Uitloging_van_vluchtige_organische_koolstoffen_en_niet-organische_bestandsdelen_uit_rubberbanden.pdf
Title: Release of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals from Rubber Crumb in Synthetic Turf Fields: Preliminary Hazard Assessment for AthletesAuthors: Letizia Marsili, Daniele Coppola, Nicola Bianchi, Silvia Maltese and Maria Cristina Fossi, Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, Siena University, Via Mattioli 4, 53100 Siena, Italy Massimo Bianchi, Department of Political Science and International, Siena University, Via Mattioli 10, 53100 Siena, Italy Year: unknown Aim: 1) To determine how many PAHs and heavy metals SBR leaches and and in which concentration 2) To determine how much SBR athletes breathe in during training on fields with SBR granulates. Conclusion: • SBR, just like tires themselves, should be regarded as 'non-hazardous' special waste. • The literature shows that the granulate contains PAHs and heavy metals • SBR fine dust can be leached or absorbed into the air. • The extent of exposure depends on the level of questionable chemicals that are potentially present in the field and the parameters for human exposure. • Accidentally swallowed granules can cause these substances to enter into the digestive tract. • High temperatures can contribute to potentially exposing children between 5 and 13 years to these chemicals. • The amount of chemicals that are released when the material is heated makes it not safe for human health. • When the laboratory results are extrapolated, it can be said that athletes are exposed to a considerable amount of PAHs. File: 0113-release-of-polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons-and-heavy-metals-from-rubber-crumb-in-synthetic-turf-fields-2161-0525.1000265
Title: Review of the human health & Ecological safety of exposure to recycled tire rubber found at playgrounds and synthetic turf fieldsAuthors: Cardno ChemRisk, Pittsburgh, PA Year: 2013 Aim: to evaluate (by means of a literature study) the health and ecological risks associated with the use of SBR granules in consumer products and in particular synthetic turf fields. Conclusion: • The possibility of health or ecological effects is minimal • Additional research is recommended to support the conclusion. File: 0112-literature_review_0813.pdf
Title: Measurement of air pollution in indoor artificial turf hallsAuthors: C. Dye, A. Bjerke, N. Schmidbauer, S. Manø Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) Year: 2005 Aim: Documenting the concentration of airborne dust and gas phase compounds in indoor air in indoor artificial turf pitches. Conclusion: • As expected, values were measured in all sport halls where samples were taken. • One sports hall is advised to install ventilation. • The quantity and role of PAH’s should be investigated by specialists. File: 0111-TA2148-2006_-_Measurement_air_of_indoor_turf_pich.pdf
Title: Artificial Turf Field Investigation in ConnecticutAuthors: Nancy Simcox, Anne Bracker, John Meyer (Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine University of Connecticut Health Center). Year: 2010 Aim: To characterize the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), rubber-related chemicals (e.g. benzothiazole), and particulate matter less than 10 micron (PM10) and its constituents in ambient air at selected crumb rubber fields in Connecticut under conditions of active field use. Conclusion: • The possible environmental pollution of all measured samples was lower than allowed by the American Environmental Protection Authority (EPA). • Only the PAH measured of an indoor field can be considered to be high; hardly any PAH values were measured on the fields outside. File: 0110-Simcox._Artificial_turf_emission_report_-2010.pdf
Title: Bioaccessibility and Risk of Exposure to Metals and SVOCs in Artificial Turf Field Fill Materials and FibersAuthors: Brian T. Pavilonis, Clifford P. Weisel, Brian Buckley, and Paul J. Lioy Year: 2014 Aim: To determine if inhaling, skin contact or intake of VOCs or metals from SBR granules would exceed the non-cancer related values for children and adults. Conclusion: • The small amount of PAH and VOCs present in the SBR granulate was barely noticeable in the tested body fluids samples. • None of the observed quantities were higher than what the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection allows. • The risks associated with long-term exposure for PAH’S are regarded as 'minimal'. • The presence of metals was found in many samples, but the measured values were lower than allowed by the American Environmental Authority EPA. Remarkable information and observations: • Measurement values of existing substances decrease within two years after installation. The older the field, the lower chance of possible release or leaching of substances. • The risk of cancer due to exposure to all carcinogenic materials present is estimated at less than 1 in 1 million and is therefore 'negligible'. File: 0104_Bioaccessibility_and_Risk_of_Exposure_to_Metals_and_SVOCs.pdf
Title: Hydroxypyrene in urine of football players after playing on artificial sports field with tire crumb infillAuthors: Joost G. M. van Rooij and Frans J. Jongeneelen Year: 2009 Aim: To dertermine the extent to which football players are exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons when playing on artificial grass with SBR infill. Conclusion: • The intake of PAH by players after playing on an artificial grass pitch with SBR is minimal. • If there is an 'intake', this will be within the standard set for the intake of PAH from natural sources or diets. File: 0103-Hydroxypyrene_in_urine_of_football_players_after_playing.pdf
Title: Human Health Risk Assessment of Synthetic Turf Fields Based Upon Investigation of Five Fields in ConnecticutAuthors: Gary Ginsberg, Brian Toal (Connecticut Dept of Public Health, Hartford, Connecticut, USA), Nancy Simcox (University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA), Anne Bracker (Connecticut OSHA, Hartford, Connecticut, USA), Brian Golembiewski (Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Hartford, Connecticut, USA), Tara Kurland (Clark University, Worcester, Massaschusetts, USA), Curtis Hedman (Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, Wisconsin, USA) Year: 2011 Aim: To try to correlate assumptions with emissions. Conclusion: • Cancer and non-cancer risk levels measured were at the minimum risk level. • Synthetic turf pitches with SBR cannot be associated with possible health risks. File: 0102_Human_Health_Risk_Assessment_of_Synthetic_Turf_Fields2011.pdf
Title: Metals contained and leached from rubber granulates used in synthetic turf areasAuthors: Beatrice Bocca, Giovanni Forte, Francesco Petrucci, Sergio Costantini (Department of Environment and Primary Prevention, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy) and Paolo Izzo (National Centre of Chemical Substances, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy) Year: 2008 Aim: To quantify metals contained in and leached from different types of rubber granulates used in synthetic turf areas. Conclusion: • All measured values in the soil were considerably lower than the maximum permitted concentration, with the exception of the measured quantities of Co, Sn and Zn. • The measured concentration of leached zinc was 100 times higher than the permitted value for almost all test materials. • The sand used in the substructure will strongly influence leaching. Remarkable information and observations: • The presence of and the concentration of hazardous substances vary considerably depending on the country from which the band originates. File: 0101_Metals_contained_and_leached_from_rubber_granulates_used_in.pdf
Title: Research into the health and environmental risks of rubber from car tiresAuthors: Spanish testing institute IBV together with Renecal, Alfredo Messales, GMN, Biosafe and Poligras Released: : 2005 Aim: : Understanding on the one hand the legislation about SBR granulate and the real behaviour of this material. Conclusion: : • As the material is not supposed to leach or release substances, the fact that this does happen is considered as 'dangerous'. • The quantity leached is considered being 'harmless'. • Because the material is used in an 'outside environment' its behavior, regardless of its composition, is not considered to be a health or environmental hazard. • The measured values do not exceed the standards established by UEFA. • The measured (benzene) values do not exceed the maximum values according to the European standards for air quality. • The measured HAP and VOC values are comparable to those measured in traffic emissions. File: 0005-IBV_study_sbr.pdf
Title: Debunking the myth of SBR dangersAuthors: : Fieldturf Tarkett Released: : 2009 Aim: : Compilation of publications and studies in which perceived dangers of SBR are debunked Conclusion: : • SBR can be used safely in 3G pitches File: Debunking the myth of SBR dangers
Title: Environmental and health risk of rubber infillAuthors: SGS, U. Hofstra Released: 2007 Aim: to generate independent data and to formulate conclusions on the potential environmental and health risks of the use of rubber infill from shredded car tires on artificial turf Conclusion: • The leaching of zinc is of major concern. Using the assessment methodology from the Building Materials decree, which does formally not apply to infill rubber, we calculate an exceeding of the limit values for the immission of zinc after 3 to 20 years of use. The other components listed in the Building Materials Decree, will not exceed environmental limit values • Based on the available literature on exposure to rubber crumb by swallowing, inhalation and skin contact and our additional experimental and field studies on skin exposure, we conclude, that there is no significant health risk for football players due to the presence of rubber infill from used car tyres on artificial turf pitches. File: SGS study
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